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Why do pigs scour? 仔猪为何会腹泻?
日期:2019-05-21 阅读:1126次

There is nothing worse than watching aperfectly good newborn pig waste away due to scouring.

目睹出生不久的仔猪(体况非常棒)由于腹泻而死亡可谓是最令人可惜的事了。

There are two main reasons that pigs scour.They are; lack of immunityand challenge to the immune system.

仔猪腹泻主要有两大原因,即:免疫力不足免疫系统出现了问题

Immunization;

免疫;

A pig is born with an immature immune system.  The piglet relies on passive immunity from colostrum.  Passive immunity helps protect against virus and helps build active immunization until the active piglet immunity kicks in and takes over.

仔猪与生俱来的免疫系统是不成熟的。仔猪主要依赖于来自初乳的被动免疫力。被动免疫可以帮助仔猪低于病毒侵袭,并有助于在仔猪体内形成主动免疫性,直到其占据主导地位。

Table #1

In Table #2 we recognize the different groups of organisms that are likely to enter the piglet.  The piglet must have antibodies ether through passive immunity coming from colostrum or active antibodies produced by the piglet.  In the first 2 weeks the piglet has no active antibodies.  All the antibodies come from colostrum.  Without the proper immunoglobins in the colostrum the piglet can still get scours. The sow must have exposure to these organisms through vaccines or backfeeding during gestation to make sure the immunoglobins are in the milk.   Especially the organisms in groups A and B.  Organisms in groups C and D need immunoglobins that will come through vaccines to the piglet itself and are developed by the piglet.  Some antibodies do carry on into group C from passive immunity.

2给出了一些可能进入仔猪体内的微生物。来自初乳的被动免疫力或仔猪产生的主动抗体是仔猪拥有抗体的必要条件。仔猪出生后的前两周是没有主动抗体的,此时所有抗体均来自初乳。如果初乳内没有合适的免疫球蛋白,仔猪依然会腹泻。母猪必须要通过疫苗来接触这些微生物或在妊娠期间反饲以确保乳汁中含有免疫球蛋白。C组和D组中的微生物需要将会通过疫苗进入仔猪体内的免疫球蛋白以及仔猪产生的免疫球蛋白。一些抗体可以通过被动免疫进入C组。

Table #2

2

Group A:E. coli, Clostridium Perfringens, Staphylococcus hyicus

Group B: Coccidia,Streptococcus suis types 1 and 7

Group C:Rotavirus,Streptococcus suis types 2 and 14, APP, AD (PR), PRRS, EP,Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Shigella dysenteriae, toxigenic P.multocida, Enteroviruses.

Group D:Parvovirus,Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Leptospira Bratislava

The message is to develop antibodies through the colostrum orthrough vaccines.

A组:大肠杆菌、产气荚膜梭菌、猪葡萄球菌

B组:球虫、1型和7型猪链球菌

C组:轮状病毒、2型和14型猪链球菌、传染性胸膜性肺炎、伪狂犬、蓝耳、地方性肺炎、猪肺炎支原体、志贺氏痢疾杆菌、毒性多杀性巴氏杆菌和肠道病毒。

D组:细小病毒、猪肺炎支原体、钩端螺旋体

本条信息主要用于通过初乳或疫苗形成抗体。

Challengeto the immune system.

免疫系统问题

Challenge overrides the immune system in many ways.  The 5 main are: (social, environmental, metabolic,immunological and due to human handling).

免疫系统会在很多方面遭遇到问题。主要包括五大方面:猪群、环境、新陈代谢、免疫学以及人为原因。

The most common are;

最常见的包括:

Massive exposure toorganisms.  Bacterialor Virus load will over whelm the piglet to fight off infection.  This occurs when the pen is dirty, sow is dirty, water is contaminated or if the sow is shedding organisms in hermanure.  These can all be avoided byproper preparation before parturition. Sows are moved into farrowing 3 to 5 days before parturition.  The vulva area, the floor behind her and herudder can be scrubbed each day up until she farrows.  Use a long-handled brush and a Virkonsolution.

接触大量微生物。进入猪只体内的细菌或病毒会使仔猪抵抗疾病侵袭的能力大大减弱。这种情况多见于猪舍较脏、母猪较脏、水污染或母猪在粪便中排出微生物。分娩前准备工作到位可以避免这些情况。母猪要在分娩前3-5天上产床。在母猪分娩前工作人员要每天擦拭母猪外阴、身后的地面以及乳房。建议使用长柄刷以及卫可溶液。

Poor environmental conditions.  This occurs when basicventilation, heating, humidity and cooling needs for the sow and the piglet arenot followed.  Thepiglet needs temperatures of 29C to 32C. With ventilation rates of 2 to 25 cfm’s. the sow needs temperature of 18C and cfm’s of 20 to 500.  Both chilling and drafting piglets can causestress relating to suppression of the immune system in the piglets allowing fororganisms to override the antibodies.

环境状况较差。该情况多见于母猪及仔猪所需的基础通风、保暖、湿度和降温等条件不到位。仔猪所需温度介于29℃到32℃之间,而通风率需要达到2-25cfm(立方英尺/每分钟)。母猪所需理想温度为18℃,通风率需达20-500 cfm。温度太低及贼风都会造成仔猪出现同免疫抑制相关的应激,从而为微生物越过抗体而入侵提供可乘之机。

通风Ventilation, cfm/hd

Insufficient nutrients: quality of milk or not enough colostrum in the first 24 hours.  Piglets stomach is damaged by scours andcannot digest nutrients.

营养不良:仔猪刚出生24小时内吃不到足够初乳或乳汁质量较差。腹泻会对仔猪肠胃造成损伤并导致无法吸收营养。


Too long in birthing process.  The stress of parturitionis also a contributing factor in supressing the immune system.  This can cause stress by affecting the energyof the piglet.

产程过长。分娩应激在一定程度上也会抑制免疫系统,主要通过消耗仔猪能量而造成应激。

Weaning and mixing pigs.  The pig behavior at weaningand during grouping of pigs causes fighting, competition for feed and water,hierarchy of group.

断奶及混群。仔猪断奶时的行为以及混群会造成打斗、争抢饲料和水以及猪群中出现等级划分。

Bleeding out of the umbilical cord at birth.  Tie the umbilical cord off by just putting a simple knot in it or if it is too short use string.

出生时脐带出血 只需简单地将仔猪脐带打个结即可,如果脐带太短可以用线来绑。

Immune system is supressed by other diseases in the sow or the piglet. Such as PRRS.

免疫系统因母猪或仔猪所患疾病而受到抑制,例如蓝耳(猪繁殖与呼吸综合征)。

Birthweights. Piglets with birth weight under 1000 gramshave a hard time getting to the udder and have very low energy reserves tocombat cold or invasive organisms.  Feed more the last 3 weeks in gestation.  Hand feed these pigs in the first few days to make sure they get colostrum and enough milk.

出生重。出生时体重低于1千克的仔猪会很难到达母猪乳房位置,体内能量储备也不足以御寒或抵御微生物入侵。母猪妊娠期的最后3周要提高饲喂量。针对这些仔猪,在刚出生前几天要人为喂奶以确保它们可以吃到初乳并摄入足够乳汁。

Diet.  Nutrients and ingredientsaffect metabolism and digestibility. Also some ingredients can cause irritated bowl syndrome.

日粮。饲料营养和成分都会影响猪只新陈代谢和消化能力。而且一些成分会导致肠道易激综合症。


作者:Lorne Tannas ,Alberta Technology Consultancy (Shanghai)Co. Ltd

艾伯塔技术咨询(上海)有限公司

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